FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings: BESTEST and a house before and after renovation¶
This page compares the FastSmoothBuildings library with Buildings on the three signals a heating study or a calibration
rests on: the zone air temperatures, the heating power hour by hour and the heating demand over the
period, and asks a second question that the replay validation does not: when a parameter of the
YAML changes, does FastSmoothBuildings move the way Buildings moves? A reduced model is fit for design studies and for
calibration only if the derivative of its results with respect to the parameters is right, not only its results at
one point. The improvement plan draws the consequences.
What is compared and how¶
Both libraries are generated by trano from the same YAML file and simulated by OpenModelica in the same
container (FastSmoothBuildings is a Modelica library; its CasADi export plays no part here). The FastSmoothBuildings model runs in
closed loop with its own controllers, as the Buildings model runs with its own: nothing is replayed, the two models
are two simulations of the same building description. The hourly means of the zone air temperatures, of the heat
delivered to each zone by its emitters (ideal system or radiators), of the gas of the boiler, of the electricity of the
heat pump and the fans and of the PV production (from their energy meters, exact whatever the output interval) are
extracted from both result files by study/buildings and committed with their
KPIs; the tables and figures below are rendered from those files.
The cases, chosen among the complex ones:
| Case | What it is | Why it is here |
|---|---|---|
| BESTEST 950FF | the heavy zone of ASHRAE 140 (concrete block walls, concrete slab), free floating, with a night ventilation fan of 1700 m3/h from 18:00 to 07:00 | the free-floating case with the most physics: thermal mass, solar gains through 12 m2 of south glazing, a scheduled air flow that no controller corrects |
| BESTEST 940 | the heavy zone with ideal heating to 20 degC by day and 10 degC at night (ramp from 07:00 to 08:00) and cooling at 27 degC | the most complete BESTEST system with heating: a set-back schedule makes the morning reheat peak depend on the mass and the control |
| BESTEST 960 | the light zone heated and cooled behind an unconditioned heavy sun-space, coupled by a common wall | two zones, an internal wall, a passive zone driven by the sun |
| Residential, after renovation | examples/residential_after_renovation.yaml: six zones, air-to-water heat pump with a 100 l buffer, radiators with thermostatic valves, balanced ventilation with heat recovery, PV, Uccle |
every system FastSmoothBuildings models, in closed loop, over 28 days of January |
| Residential, before renovation | examples/residential_before_renovation.yaml: the same house with uninsulated cavity walls and attic, old double glazing, infiltration n50 = 12 1/h, a non-condensing gas boiler at 75 degC, a three-way valve and radiators with thermostatic valves, Uccle |
a boiler house: a hydronic circuit at high temperature and a gas meter, in closed loop over 28 days of January |
For each case the perturbations change one field of the YAML and are simulated with both libraries; the table "Response to the perturbations" of each case gives, for each KPI, the change seen by Buildings, the change seen by FastSmoothBuildings and their ratio (1.0 would be a perfect agreement on the sensitivity, whatever the offset between the two libraries). Two parameters of 940 and one of each house are swept: scaled by several factors, so that the study shows whether FastSmoothBuildings follows Buildings over a range of values and bends as it does, not only for one step.
| Case | Envelope | Use and systems |
|---|---|---|
| 950FF | insulation conductivity x1.5, infiltration x2, wall mass x0.5, solar transmittance of the glazing x0.75, solar absorptance of the outer surfaces 0.9 instead of 0.6 | internal gains x2 |
| 940 | insulation conductivity x0.5, x0.75, x1.5, x2 and infiltration x0.5, x1.5, x2, x3 (sweeps), wall mass x0.5, gas of the glazing gap x0.5 (U-value of the glazing 2.9 to 2.6 W/(m2.K)), solar transmittance x0.75, solar absorptance 0.9 | internal gains x2, heating set points +2 K |
| 960 | solar transmittance of the sun-space glazing x0.75, conductivity of the common wall x2, mass of the sun-space walls x0.5, infiltration of the sun-space x2 | |
| residential_after | EPS conductivity x0.5, x1.5, x2 (sweep), n50 x2 | heat pump 2 kW instead of 3 kW, supply set point +10 K, radiators x0.7, buffer tank x3, heat recovery 0.5 instead of 0.8, living room and kitchen set point +1 K, flow of the ventilation x1.5, radiator exponent 1.33 instead of 1.24 |
| residential_before | cavity of the walls filled with insulation (U 1.47 to 0.52 W/(m2.K)), n50 x0.5, x1.5 (sweep), air of the glazing gaps x0.5 | boiler 10 kW instead of 16 kW, supply set point −10 K, radiators x0.7, living room and kitchen set point +1 K, radiator exponent 1.33 instead of 1.24 |
The KPIs: mean, lowest and highest hourly zone temperature; heating and cooling demand (the heat delivered to the zones); peak heating (largest hourly mean); the heat pump electricity, the gas of the boiler and the OpenModelica time. Hour by hour, the FastSmoothBuildings temperatures are compared with the Buildings ones by their RMSE, bias and largest error, and the heating power by the CV(RMSE) and NMBE of ASHRAE Guideline 14.
The night ventilation of 950FF is modelled by ventilationSchedule in trano's Buildings zone; the FastSmoothBuildings zone
did not take that parameter until this study (it silently dropped the fan), it does now.
Summary¶
The study was run three times. The first run (the library as it was when the study started) found FastSmoothBuildings close to Buildings on the zone temperatures, but 11 to 16 % high on the heating of the Denver cases and quicker than Buildings in its heavy walls, and it found four defects (below). The library was changed as the improvement plan says (air density at the site, smooth limits that reach their bounds, walls discretised as Buildings, long-wave exchange as the YAML asks, exact exchange with the sky) before the second run. The second run, with the perturbations extended to the glazing, the sun, the gains, the sun-space, the ventilation and the radiators and with the sweeps, found two more gaps that the library then closed: the gas gaps of the glazing held at their EN 673 conductance, and resistances in the hydraulic links that Buildings does not have. The tables below are those of the third run, on the library as it is now. The house before renovation joined in a fourth run on the same library, which also reads the gas and the electricity of both libraries from the energy meters of the systems instead of samples of their powers: samples five minutes apart caught or missed the two-minute bursts of the boiler at full power when the valves open (0.75 % of the gas of Buildings, 0.6 % of FastSmoothBuildings's, in opposite directions), and moved the electricity of the heat pump of the renovated house by 2 % and its responses by up to 0.15.
FastSmoothBuildings follows Buildings within 0.05 to 0.08 K hour by hour on the zones of the BESTEST cases (0.46 K in the unheated sun-space of 960), within 0.06 to 0.10 K on the rooms of the renovated house and within 0.02 to 0.09 K on those of the house before renovation; its heating demand is within 1.7 % of Buildings in every base case, and it responds to every change of the envelope, the sun, the gains and the ideal systems of the BESTEST cases as Buildings does: 24 perturbations out of 24 alike (every ratio within 0.9 to 1.1, or the two changes within 0.05 K or 0.5 %). In the renovated house, 10 of 12 are alike or close; the two that differ are peaks of the heat pump (the buffer x3 and the EPS x0.5). In the house before renovation with its gas boiler, the six changes that move the results are alike, the gas included (ratios 0.99 to 1.01); see below.
| Case | Zone temperature, hourly RMSE | Heating demand, Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | Peak heating | OpenModelica time |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 950FF, free floating, night ventilation | 0.08 K (second run 0.10 K, first 0.29 K) | (free floating) | 80 / 34 s | |
| 940, set-back heating and cooling | 0.05 K (0.08 K, 0.13 K) | 1100 / 1096 kWh, −0.4 % (+0.3 %, +11 %) | 3.27 / 3.30 kW, +1 % (+2 %, +8 %) | 110 / 37 s |
| 960, zone behind a sun-space | 0.07 K zone, 0.46 K sun-space (0.10 and 0.68 K; 0.11 and 0.87 K) | 2588 / 2575 kWh, −0.5 % (−1.0 %) | 2.10 / 2.11 kW | 149 / 42 s |
| Renovated house, 28 days | 0.06 to 0.10 K per room (0.06 to 0.12 K) | 461 / 468 kWh, +1.5 % (+1.1 %); electricity 131 / 131 kWh, −0.2 % | 2.02 / 2.05 kW | 759 / 155 s |
| House before renovation, gas boiler, 28 days | 0.02 to 0.09 K per room | 2755 / 2802 kWh, +1.7 %; gas 3391 / 3454 kWh, +1.9 % | 8.70 / 8.78 kW | 268 / 112 s |
(The heating of the first run is that of the meters of the ideal system, as here: +11 % in 940. The first version of this page gave +15.6 %, read from hourly samples of the heat flow, which overstated both libraries.)
The first run found four defects, fixed before the second:
- The night ventilation was dropped. The
ventilation_scheduleof a zone (BESTEST 650, 950 and their free-floating variants) never reached the FastSmoothBuildings zone, so these cases ran without their fan. The zone takes it now, as a day table added to the infiltration. - The ideal heating and cooling leaked. Both PI controllers of
IdealHeatingCoolingPIsaturated at 0.1 % of their output, which is 1 kW of heating and 1 kW of cooling around the clock with the 1 MW systems of BESTEST: the net load was right, but the heating and cooling demands were 8 and 4 times too large.smoothLimitnow reaches its bounds exactly. - A single glazing did not translate. Its record wrote an empty array,
RGap={}, that OpenModelica does not parse, and the window equations indexed a gap that a single pane does not have: BESTEST 670 never ran with FastSmoothBuildings. Both are fixed. - The flat Buildings model is under-determined (an electrical load of the data bus without its equation); the study renders Buildings with its containers, as the BESTEST validation does.
Does a change of the YAML move both libraries alike?¶
A reduced model is physically sound for design and calibration when a change of a parameter of the building moves its results as it moves the results of the detailed model. The table Responses at a glance at the top of the results gives, for each of the 45 perturbations, the ratio of the changes on each main KPI and a verdict; the sections of the cases give the changes themselves and the sweeps. By family (ratios of the third run, second run in parentheses where the library changed them):
- Conduction through the envelope. The conductivity of the insulation moves the heating of 940 by the same amount in both libraries over the whole sweep, from x0.5 to x2 (ratios 1.00 to 1.01, constant: FastSmoothBuildings bends as Buildings does), the cooling by 7 to 8 % more (9 to 11 %); the conductivity of the EPS of the house moves its heating by 0.98 to 1.00 from x0.5 to x2, and filling the cavity of the walls of the house before renovation cuts its heating and its gas by 23 % in both (1.01). The steady-state resistances are the same in both libraries; what differs a little is the share of the sun the envelope returns to the room in summer.
- Air. The infiltration of 940 from x0.5 to x3: heating 0.99 to 1.00, cooling 1.00 to 1.01; n50 x2, heat recovery 0.5 and the ventilation flow x1.5 of the renovated house: heating 0.97 to 0.99; n50 x0.5 and x1.5 of the house before renovation: heating 1.00, gas 0.99 to 1.01. The air density at the site (first stage of the plan) made these agree; it was 1.30 in Denver at the start.
- Thermal mass. Half the mass of the walls: 0.96 to 1.09 (1.45 at the start, before the walls were discretised as Buildings).
- Glazing. The solar transmittance x0.75: 0.97 to 1.02 on the loads, 1.04 to 1.08 on the highest temperatures; the gas of the gap x0.5 (the U-value of the glazing): 1.02 to 1.07 (second run 1.03 to 1.21), since the gaps conduct at the temperatures of their panes.
- Gains. Internal gains x2: 0.99 to 1.01.
- Sun on the opaque surfaces. The solar absorptance of the outer surfaces 0.6 to 0.9: 0.91 to 0.93 on every KPI of 950FF and 940. FastSmoothBuildings takes 8 % less of the extra sun into the room. The irradiance, the outside convection with its wind modifier, the long-wave exchange with sky and ground and the discretisation of the walls (tried up to nine sublayers) are those of Buildings; the cause is still to be found (plan, priority 8). It is the one envelope parameter FastSmoothBuildings underestimates; its ratios stay within 0.9 to 1.1, the verdict alike.
- Coupling of two zones (960). The common wall x2, the sun-space mass x0.5 and its infiltration x2: 0.94 to 1.10 (the common wall 0.97 to 1.15 in the second run).
- Ideal systems. The heating set points of 940 +2 K: 0.99 to 1.00.
- Heat pump house (after renovation). The supply set point +10 K (peak and electricity 1.01 and 1.04; second run 1.30 and 1.08), the radiator exponent (peak 0.93; second run 0.62) and the heat recovery are alike. The set point +1 K of the living room and kitchen (heating 0.87, electricity 0.85; second run 0.79 and 0.80) and smaller radiators (heating 1.28 and electricity 1.30, on changes of 3 %: both libraries end within 1 % of each other) are close. Two differ, both on the peak of the heat pump: a buffer three times larger (FastSmoothBuildings's peak falls by 5 %, Buildings' by 1 %) and the EPS x0.5 (peak 1.51). The heat pump of FastSmoothBuildings has no safety times and takes its condenser from the buffer temperature: it starts and stops at other instants, and at full load its supply water is 0.4 K cooler than in Buildings.
- Boiler house (before renovation). The supply set point −10 K and radiators x0.7 lower the peak by 12 % in both libraries (1.06); the set point +1 K of the living room and kitchen raises the heating and the gas by about 5 % in both (0.99 and 0.99). A 10 kW boiler instead of 16 kW changes nothing in either, the peak of the house (8.7 kW) staying below it, nor do the radiator exponent and the glazing gap beyond 2 %. The gas follows the heat: 1.9 % above Buildings in the base case, for 1.7 % more heat delivered to the rooms; per unit of heat both burn the same gas within 0.2 %, and both water loops close their energy balance within 0.15 % over the month.
What had to be added to FastSmoothBuildings to get there, in the order of the plan: the air density of the site, smooth limits that reach their bounds, the walls discretised as Buildings, the long-wave exchange as the YAML asks (in the room, with the sky), the gas gaps at the temperatures of their panes, hydraulic links without the resistances Buildings does not have, and the overhangs and side fins of Buildings (the four shading cases of BESTEST now run and pass). What it still needs is in the improvement plan: the heat pump at full load and its safety times and the response to the sun on the opaque surfaces.
Results case by case¶
Rendered by python -m study.buildings report --docs from study/buildings/results.
Responses at a glance¶
For each perturbation, the change FastSmoothBuildings sees divided by the change Buildings sees, on the main KPIs of the case (the mean zone temperature, the heating and cooling demands, the peak heating, the electricity of the heat pump, the lowest and highest hourly zone temperatures; blank where neither library moves by more than 0.1 K or 2 %). The verdict is alike when, on every KPI, the ratio lies within 0.9 to 1.1 or the two changes differ by at most 0.05 K or 0.5 % of the base case; close within 0.8 to 1.25, 0.1 K or 1.0 %; differs otherwise.
| Case | Perturbation | mean T | lowest T | highest T | heating | cooling | peak heating | heat pump electricity | boiler fuel | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 950FF | insulation_x1.5 | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.15 | alike | |||||
| 950FF | infiltration_x2 | 1.02 | 1.09 | 0.98 | alike | |||||
| 950FF | mass_x0.5 | 1.09 | 1.00 | 1.03 | alike | |||||
| 950FF | glazing_tau_x0.75 | 1.00 | 0.90 | 1.08 | alike | |||||
| 950FF | absorptance_0.9 | 0.91 | 0.93 | 0.91 | alike | |||||
| 950FF | gains_x2 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | alike | |||||
| 940 | insulation_x0.5 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.00 | alike | ||||
| 940 | insulation_x0.75 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.07 | 1.00 | alike | ||||
| 940 | insulation_x1.5 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 1.00 | alike | ||||
| 940 | insulation_x2 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.08 | 1.02 | alike | ||||
| 940 | infiltration_x0.5 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 940 | infiltration_x1.5 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 940 | infiltration_x2 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 940 | infiltration_x3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 940 | mass_x0.5 | 1.05 | 1.01 | 1.03 | 0.96 | alike | ||||
| 940 | gap_k_x0.5 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.07 | 1.02 | alike | ||||
| 940 | glazing_tau_x0.75 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 1.02 | FastSmoothBuildings only | alike | ||||
| 940 | absorptance_0.9 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.91 | alike | |||||
| 940 | gains_x2 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 940 | setpoint_+2K | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | alike | ||||
| 960 | glazing_tau_x0.75 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.04 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.97 | alike | ||
| 960 | common_wall_k_x2 | 1.08 | 0.94 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 0.98 | alike | ||
| 960 | sunspace_mass_x0.5 | 1.02 | 1.01 | alike | ||||||
| 960 | sunspace_infiltration_x2 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 1.00 | alike | |||
| residential_after | eps_x0.5 | 1.14 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 1.51 | 0.98 | differs | |||
| residential_after | eps_x1.5 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.97 | alike | |||
| residential_after | eps_x2 | 1.23 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.97 | alike | |||
| residential_after | n50_x2 | 1.17 | 1.02 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 0.97 | alike | |||
| residential_after | heat_pump_2kW | 1.21 | close | |||||||
| residential_after | supply_+10K | 1.23 | 1.01 | 1.04 | alike | |||||
| residential_after | radiators_x0.7 | 1.21 | FastSmoothBuildings only | 1.28 | 1.01 | 1.30 | close | |||
| residential_after | tank_x3 | FastSmoothBuildings only | FastSmoothBuildings only | differs | ||||||
| residential_after | heat_recovery_0.5 | 1.13 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.98 | alike | |||
| residential_after | setpoint_+1K | 0.87 | 0.89 | 0.65 | 0.87 | 1.04 | 0.85 | close | ||
| residential_after | ventilation_x1.5 | 1.02 | 0.99 | 1.14 | 0.97 | close | ||||
| residential_after | radiator_n_1.33 | 0.93 | alike | |||||||
| residential_before | cavity_insulated | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | alike | |||||
| residential_before | n50_x0.5 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 | alike | |||||
| residential_before | n50_x1.5 | 1.00 | 0.88 | 1.00 | alike | |||||
| residential_before | gap_k_x0.5 | neither moves | ||||||||
| residential_before | boiler_10kW | neither moves | ||||||||
| residential_before | supply_-10K | 1.06 | alike | |||||||
| residential_before | radiators_x0.7 | 1.06 | alike | |||||||
| residential_before | setpoint_+1K | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | alike | |||||
| residential_before | radiator_n_1.33 | neither moves |
950FF¶
BESTEST 950FF: heavy single zone, free floating, night ventilation of 1700 m3/h from 18:00 to 07:00, Denver.
KPIs of both libraries (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Zone | Mean T [degC] | Lowest T [degC] | Highest T [degC] | Heating [kWh] | Peak heating [kW] | Cooling [kWh] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | zone_001 | 15.24 / 15.29 | -12.05 / -12.06 | 36.79 / 36.93 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| insulation_x1.5 | zone_001 | 15.07 / 15.11 | -12.35 / -12.36 | 36.62 / 36.73 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| infiltration_x2 | zone_001 | 14.95 / 14.99 | -12.26 / -12.29 | 36.32 / 36.47 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| mass_x0.5 | zone_001 | 15.35 / 15.41 | -13.03 / -13.05 | 38.33 / 38.51 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | zone_001 | 14.15 / 14.20 | -12.42 / -12.39 | 34.93 / 34.91 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| absorptance_0.9 | zone_001 | 15.75 / 15.75 | -11.94 / -11.96 | 37.86 / 37.90 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| gains_x2 | zone_001 | 16.06 / 16.10 | -11.56 / -11.58 | 37.96 / 38.10 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
Meters and speed (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings, deviation of FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Heating [kWh] | Heat pump electricity [kWh] | Boiler fuel [kWh] | Fans [kWh] | PV [kWh] | OpenModelica time [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 80 / 34 |
| insulation_x1.5 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 63 / 34 |
| infiltration_x2 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 104 / 27 |
| mass_x0.5 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 106 / 34 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 81 / 35 |
| absorptance_0.9 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 109 / 33 |
| gains_x2 | 0 / 0 | / | / | / | / | 95 / 34 |
Hour by hour, FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings:
| Variant | Zone | T RMSE [K] | T bias [K] | T max error [K] | Heating CV(RMSE) | Heating NMBE | Heating deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | zone_001 | 0.08 | +0.05 | 0.30 | |||
| insulation_x1.5 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.04 | 0.27 | |||
| infiltration_x2 | zone_001 | 0.08 | +0.04 | 0.30 | |||
| mass_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.10 | +0.06 | 0.37 | |||
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | zone_001 | 0.09 | +0.05 | 0.40 | |||
| absorptance_0.9 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.00 | 0.31 | |||
| gains_x2 | zone_001 | 0.08 | +0.05 | 0.30 |
Response to the perturbations:
| Perturbation | KPI | Buildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings change / Buildings change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| insulation_x1.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 15.07 (-0.17) | 15.29, 15.11 (-0.18) | 1.07 |
| insulation_x1.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -12.35 (-0.30) | -12.06, -12.36 (-0.31) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x1.5 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 36.62 (-0.17) | 36.93, 36.73 (-0.20) | 1.15 |
| infiltration_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 14.95 (-0.30) | 15.29, 14.99 (-0.30) | 1.02 |
| infiltration_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -12.26 (-0.21) | -12.06, -12.29 (-0.23) | 1.09 |
| infiltration_x2 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 36.32 (-0.47) | 36.93, 36.47 (-0.46) | 0.98 |
| mass_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 15.35 (+0.11) | 15.29, 15.41 (+0.12) | 1.09 |
| mass_x0.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -13.03 (-0.99) | -12.06, -13.05 (-0.99) | 1.00 |
| mass_x0.5 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 38.33 (+1.54) | 36.93, 38.51 (+1.58) | 1.03 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 14.15 (-1.09) | 15.29, 14.20 (-1.09) | 1.00 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -12.42 (-0.37) | -12.06, -12.39 (-0.33) | 0.90 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 34.93 (-1.86) | 36.93, 34.91 (-2.02) | 1.08 |
| absorptance_0.9 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 15.75 (+0.51) | 15.29, 15.75 (+0.46) | 0.91 |
| absorptance_0.9 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -11.94 (+0.11) | -12.06, -11.96 (+0.10) | 0.93 |
| absorptance_0.9 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 37.86 (+1.07) | 36.93, 37.90 (+0.97) | 0.91 |
| gains_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 15.24, 16.06 (+0.81) | 15.29, 16.10 (+0.81) | 1.00 |
| gains_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | -12.05, -11.56 (+0.48) | -12.06, -11.58 (+0.48) | 0.99 |
| gains_x2 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 36.79, 37.96 (+1.17) | 36.93, 38.10 (+1.17) | 1.00 |
Sweeps: one parameter scaled by several factors (1 is the base case), the KPIs of both libraries and the ratio of their changes from the base case:
| Parameter | Factor | mean zone temperature [degC], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| insulation | 1 | 15.24 / 15.29 | |
| insulation | 1.5 | 15.07 / 15.11 | 1.07 |
| infiltration | 1 | 15.24 / 15.29 | |
| infiltration | 2 | 14.95 / 14.99 | 1.02 |
940¶
BESTEST 940: heavy single zone, ideal heating with a night set-back (10 degC from 23:00 to 07:00, 20 degC by day) and cooling at 27 degC, Denver.
KPIs of both libraries (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Zone | Mean T [degC] | Lowest T [degC] | Highest T [degC] | Heating [kWh] | Peak heating [kW] | Cooling [kWh] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | zone_001 | 23.35 / 23.37 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1100 / 1096 | 3.27 / 3.30 | 2329 / 2370 |
| insulation_x0.5 | zone_001 | 23.94 / 23.97 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 683 / 679 | 2.73 / 2.75 | 2702 / 2768 |
| insulation_x0.75 | zone_001 | 23.61 / 23.64 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 896 / 891 | 3.03 / 3.06 | 2485 / 2537 |
| insulation_x1.5 | zone_001 | 22.95 / 22.97 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1464 / 1462 | 3.63 / 3.66 | 2125 / 2149 |
| insulation_x2 | zone_001 | 22.68 / 22.69 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1772 / 1772 | 3.90 / 3.94 | 1999 / 2014 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | zone_001 | 23.75 / 23.78 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 818 / 816 | 2.96 / 2.99 | 2570 / 2610 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | zone_001 | 22.97 / 23.00 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1410 / 1404 | 3.56 / 3.58 | 2137 / 2176 |
| infiltration_x2 | zone_001 | 22.64 / 22.67 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1742 / 1735 | 3.83 / 3.85 | 1981 / 2019 |
| infiltration_x3 | zone_001 | 22.08 / 22.11 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 2460 / 2451 | 4.33 / 4.35 | 1751 / 1785 |
| mass_x0.5 | zone_001 | 23.24 / 23.26 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1242 / 1239 | 3.61 / 3.62 | 2554 / 2601 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | zone_001 | 23.50 / 23.53 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 990 / 983 | 3.16 / 3.19 | 2444 / 2493 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | zone_001 | 22.40 / 22.43 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1703 / 1688 | 3.34 / 3.37 | 1418 / 1439 |
| absorptance_0.9 | zone_001 | 23.61 / 23.61 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 966 / 972 | 3.24 / 3.27 | 2906 / 2893 |
| gains_x2 | zone_001 | 23.91 / 23.94 | 10.00 / 10.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 771 / 770 | 2.96 / 2.99 | 3103 / 3150 |
| setpoint_+2K | zone_001 | 23.87 / 23.89 | 12.00 / 12.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 1544 / 1535 | 3.57 / 3.59 | 2369 / 2412 |
Meters and speed (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings, deviation of FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Heating [kWh] | Heat pump electricity [kWh] | Boiler fuel [kWh] | Fans [kWh] | PV [kWh] | OpenModelica time [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | 1100 / 1096 (-0.4 %) | / | / | / | / | 110 / 37 |
| insulation_x0.5 | 683 / 679 (-0.6 %) | / | / | / | / | 112 / 32 |
| insulation_x0.75 | 896 / 891 (-0.5 %) | / | / | / | / | 96 / 28 |
| insulation_x1.5 | 1464 / 1462 (-0.2 %) | / | / | / | / | 106 / 32 |
| insulation_x2 | 1772 / 1772 (+0.0 %) | / | / | / | / | 83 / 32 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | 818 / 816 (-0.3 %) | / | / | / | / | 64 / 34 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | 1410 / 1404 (-0.4 %) | / | / | / | / | 66 / 37 |
| infiltration_x2 | 1742 / 1735 (-0.4 %) | / | / | / | / | 84 / 27 |
| infiltration_x3 | 2460 / 2451 (-0.3 %) | / | / | / | / | 110 / 28 |
| mass_x0.5 | 1242 / 1239 (-0.3 %) | / | / | / | / | 109 / 27 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | 990 / 983 (-0.7 %) | / | / | / | / | 83 / 28 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | 1703 / 1688 (-0.9 %) | / | / | / | / | 68 / 30 |
| absorptance_0.9 | 966 / 972 (+0.7 %) | / | / | / | / | 74 / 32 |
| gains_x2 | 771 / 770 (-0.1 %) | / | / | / | / | 109 / 32 |
| setpoint_+2K | 1544 / 1535 (-0.6 %) | / | / | / | / | 90 / 37 |
Hour by hour, FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings:
| Variant | Zone | T RMSE [K] | T bias [K] | T max error [K] | Heating CV(RMSE) | Heating NMBE | Heating deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.03 | 0.26 | 4.6 % | -0.4 % | -0.4 % |
| insulation_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.28 | 6.1 % | -0.6 % | -0.6 % |
| insulation_x0.75 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.28 | 5.3 % | -0.5 % | -0.5 % |
| insulation_x1.5 | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0.25 | 3.8 % | -0.2 % | -0.2 % |
| insulation_x2 | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.01 | 0.23 | 3.5 % | +0.0 % | +0.0 % |
| infiltration_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0.26 | 5.0 % | -0.3 % | -0.3 % |
| infiltration_x1.5 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.28 | 4.3 % | -0.4 % | -0.4 % |
| infiltration_x2 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.27 | 4.0 % | -0.4 % | -0.4 % |
| infiltration_x3 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.29 | 3.7 % | -0.3 % | -0.3 % |
| mass_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0.32 | 4.0 % | -0.3 % | -0.3 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.28 | 5.1 % | -0.7 % | -0.7 % |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.03 | 0.39 | 4.9 % | -0.9 % | -0.9 % |
| absorptance_0.9 | zone_001 | 0.04 | +0.00 | 0.26 | 4.9 % | +0.7 % | +0.7 % |
| gains_x2 | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0.27 | 5.3 % | -0.1 % | -0.1 % |
| setpoint_+2K | zone_001 | 0.05 | +0.02 | 0.26 | 4.0 % | -0.6 % | -0.6 % |
Response to the perturbations:
| Perturbation | KPI | Buildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings change / Buildings change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| insulation_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.94 (+0.60) | 23.37, 23.97 (+0.60) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 683 (-37.9 %) | 1096, 679 (-38.0 %) | 1.00 |
| insulation_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 2.73 (-16.7 %) | 3.30, 2.75 (-16.6 %) | 1.00 |
| insulation_x0.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2702 (+16.0 %) | 2370, 2768 (+16.8 %) | 1.07 |
| insulation_x0.75 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.61 (+0.26) | 23.37, 23.64 (+0.27) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x0.75 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 896 (-18.6 %) | 1096, 891 (-18.7 %) | 1.00 |
| insulation_x0.75 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.03 (-7.5 %) | 3.30, 3.06 (-7.4 %) | 1.00 |
| insulation_x0.75 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2485 (+6.7 %) | 2370, 2537 (+7.1 %) | 1.07 |
| insulation_x1.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.95 (-0.39) | 23.37, 22.97 (-0.40) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x1.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1464 (+33.1 %) | 1096, 1462 (+33.4 %) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x1.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.63 (+11.0 %) | 3.30, 3.66 (+10.9 %) | 1.00 |
| insulation_x1.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2125 (-8.8 %) | 2370, 2149 (-9.3 %) | 1.08 |
| insulation_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.68 (-0.67) | 23.37, 22.69 (-0.68) | 1.02 |
| insulation_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1772 (+61.0 %) | 1096, 1772 (+61.7 %) | 1.01 |
| insulation_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.90 (+19.2 %) | 3.30, 3.94 (+19.4 %) | 1.02 |
| insulation_x2 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 1999 (-14.2 %) | 2370, 2014 (-15.0 %) | 1.08 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.75 (+0.41) | 23.37, 23.78 (+0.41) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 818 (-25.6 %) | 1096, 816 (-25.5 %) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 2.96 (-9.6 %) | 3.30, 2.99 (-9.5 %) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x0.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2570 (+10.3 %) | 2370, 2610 (+10.2 %) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.97 (-0.37) | 23.37, 23.00 (-0.37) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1410 (+28.2 %) | 1096, 1404 (+28.1 %) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.56 (+8.7 %) | 3.30, 3.58 (+8.6 %) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x1.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2137 (-8.3 %) | 2370, 2176 (-8.2 %) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.64 (-0.71) | 23.37, 22.67 (-0.70) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1742 (+58.3 %) | 1096, 1735 (+58.3 %) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.83 (+16.9 %) | 3.30, 3.85 (+16.6 %) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x2 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 1981 (-15.0 %) | 2370, 2019 (-14.8 %) | 1.01 |
| infiltration_x3 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.08 (-1.27) | 23.37, 22.11 (-1.26) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x3 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 2460 (+123.5 %) | 1096, 2451 (+123.7 %) | 1.00 |
| infiltration_x3 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 4.33 (+32.2 %) | 3.30, 4.35 (+31.6 %) | 0.99 |
| infiltration_x3 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 1751 (-24.8 %) | 2370, 1785 (-24.7 %) | 1.01 |
| mass_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.24 (-0.10) | 23.37, 23.26 (-0.11) | 1.05 |
| mass_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1242 (+12.8 %) | 1096, 1239 (+13.0 %) | 1.01 |
| mass_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.61 (+10.3 %) | 3.30, 3.62 (+9.7 %) | 0.96 |
| mass_x0.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2554 (+9.6 %) | 2370, 2601 (+9.8 %) | 1.03 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.50 (+0.16) | 23.37, 23.53 (+0.16) | 1.03 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 990 (-10.0 %) | 1096, 983 (-10.3 %) | 1.02 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.16 (-3.3 %) | 3.30, 3.19 (-3.4 %) | 1.02 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2444 (+4.9 %) | 2370, 2493 (+5.2 %) | 1.07 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 22.40 (-0.95) | 23.37, 22.43 (-0.94) | 0.99 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1703 (+54.8 %) | 1096, 1688 (+54.1 %) | 0.98 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.34 (+1.9 %) | 3.30, 3.37 (+2.0 %) | |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 1418 (-39.1 %) | 2370, 1439 (-39.3 %) | 1.02 |
| absorptance_0.9 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.61 (+0.27) | 23.37, 23.61 (+0.24) | 0.91 |
| absorptance_0.9 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 966 (-12.3 %) | 1096, 972 (-11.3 %) | 0.92 |
| absorptance_0.9 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 2906 (+24.7 %) | 2370, 2893 (+22.1 %) | 0.91 |
| gains_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.91 (+0.57) | 23.37, 23.94 (+0.57) | 0.99 |
| gains_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 771 (-29.9 %) | 1096, 770 (-29.7 %) | 0.99 |
| gains_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 2.96 (-9.6 %) | 3.30, 2.99 (-9.4 %) | 0.99 |
| gains_x2 | cooling demand [kWh] | 2329, 3103 (+33.2 %) | 2370, 3150 (+32.9 %) | 1.01 |
| setpoint_+2K | mean zone temperature [degC] | 23.35, 23.87 (+0.53) | 23.37, 23.89 (+0.52) | 0.99 |
| setpoint_+2K | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 10.00, 12.00 (+2.00) | 10.00, 12.00 (+2.00) | 1.00 |
| setpoint_+2K | heating demand [kWh] | 1100, 1544 (+40.3 %) | 1096, 1535 (+40.1 %) | 0.99 |
| setpoint_+2K | peak heating [kW] | 3.27, 3.57 (+9.0 %) | 3.30, 3.59 (+8.9 %) | 0.99 |
Sweeps: one parameter scaled by several factors (1 is the base case), the KPIs of both libraries and the ratio of their changes from the base case:
| Parameter | Factor | mean zone temperature [degC], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio | heating demand [kWh], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio | cooling demand [kWh], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| insulation | 0.5 | 23.94 / 23.97 | 1.01 | 683 / 679 | 1.00 | 2702 / 2768 | 1.07 |
| insulation | 0.75 | 23.61 / 23.64 | 1.01 | 896 / 891 | 1.00 | 2485 / 2537 | 1.07 |
| insulation | 1 | 23.35 / 23.37 | 1100 / 1096 | 2329 / 2370 | |||
| insulation | 1.5 | 22.95 / 22.97 | 1.01 | 1464 / 1462 | 1.01 | 2125 / 2149 | 1.08 |
| insulation | 2 | 22.68 / 22.69 | 1.02 | 1772 / 1772 | 1.01 | 1999 / 2014 | 1.08 |
| infiltration | 0.5 | 23.75 / 23.78 | 0.99 | 818 / 816 | 0.99 | 2570 / 2610 | 1.00 |
| infiltration | 1 | 23.35 / 23.37 | 1100 / 1096 | 2329 / 2370 | |||
| infiltration | 1.5 | 22.97 / 23.00 | 0.99 | 1410 / 1404 | 1.00 | 2137 / 2176 | 1.00 |
| infiltration | 2 | 22.64 / 22.67 | 0.99 | 1742 / 1735 | 1.00 | 1981 / 2019 | 1.01 |
| infiltration | 3 | 22.08 / 22.11 | 1.00 | 2460 / 2451 | 1.00 | 1751 / 1785 | 1.01 |
960¶
BESTEST 960: light zone heated and cooled (20/27 degC) behind an unconditioned heavy sun-space, Denver.
KPIs of both libraries (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Zone | Mean T [degC] | Lowest T [degC] | Highest T [degC] | Heating [kWh] | Peak heating [kW] | Cooling [kWh] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | sunspace_001 | 26.69 / 27.11 | 4.16 / 4.20 | 48.04 / 49.05 | 0 / 0 | 0.00 / 0.00 | 0 / 0 |
| base | zone_001 | 22.81 / 22.82 | 20.00 / 20.00 | 27.00 / 27.00 | 2588 / 2575 | 2.10 / 2.11 | 950 / 928 |
| base | all zones | 24.75 / 24.97 | 4.16 / 4.20 | 48.04 / 49.05 | 2588 / 2575 | 2.10 / 2.11 | 950 / 928 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | all zones | 23.08 / 23.31 | 2.89 / 2.95 | 42.22 / 43.02 | 3128 / 3106 | 2.17 / 2.17 | 762 / 739 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | all zones | 24.50 / 24.69 | 5.02 / 5.02 | 45.96 / 46.91 | 2467 / 2441 | 2.21 / 2.21 | 1076 / 1066 |
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | all zones | 24.75 / 24.96 | 2.89 / 2.92 | 49.39 / 50.42 | 2595 / 2581 | 2.14 / 2.14 | 952 / 931 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | all zones | 24.19 / 24.40 | 2.82 / 2.80 | 46.58 / 47.64 | 2708 / 2695 | 2.14 / 2.14 | 912 / 891 |
Meters and speed (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings, deviation of FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Heating [kWh] | Heat pump electricity [kWh] | Boiler fuel [kWh] | Fans [kWh] | PV [kWh] | OpenModelica time [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | 2588 / 2575 (-0.5 %) | / | / | / | / | 149 / 42 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | 3128 / 3106 (-0.7 %) | / | / | / | / | 144 / 42 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | 2467 / 2441 (-1.0 %) | / | / | / | / | 145 / 42 |
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | 2595 / 2581 (-0.5 %) | / | / | / | / | 145 / 43 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | 2708 / 2695 (-0.5 %) | / | / | / | / | 149 / 42 |
Hour by hour, FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings:
| Variant | Zone | T RMSE [K] | T bias [K] | T max error [K] | Heating CV(RMSE) | Heating NMBE | Heating deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | sunspace_001 | 0.46 | +0.42 | 1.13 | |||
| base | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.41 | 3.3 % | -0.5 % | -0.5 % |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | sunspace_001 | 0.49 | +0.45 | 1.15 | |||
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 3.1 % | -0.7 % | -0.7 % |
| common_wall_k_x2 | sunspace_001 | 0.41 | +0.37 | 1.00 | |||
| common_wall_k_x2 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.34 | 3.7 % | -1.0 % | -1.0 % |
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | sunspace_001 | 0.47 | +0.42 | 1.14 | |||
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.41 | 3.3 % | -0.5 % | -0.5 % |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | sunspace_001 | 0.46 | +0.41 | 1.17 | |||
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | zone_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 3.2 % | -0.5 % | -0.5 % |
Response to the perturbations:
| Perturbation | KPI | Buildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings change / Buildings change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 24.75, 23.08 (-1.68) | 24.97, 23.31 (-1.66) | 0.99 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 4.16, 2.89 (-1.27) | 4.20, 2.95 (-1.25) | 0.99 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 48.04, 42.22 (-5.81) | 49.05, 43.02 (-6.03) | 1.04 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | heating demand [kWh] | 2588, 3128 (+20.9 %) | 2575, 3106 (+20.7 %) | 0.98 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | peak heating [kW] | 2.10, 2.17 (+3.2 %) | 2.11, 2.17 (+3.1 %) | 0.97 |
| glazing_tau_x0.75 | cooling demand [kWh] | 950, 762 (-19.7 %) | 928, 739 (-20.4 %) | 1.01 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 24.75, 24.50 (-0.26) | 24.97, 24.69 (-0.28) | 1.08 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 4.16, 5.02 (+0.86) | 4.20, 5.02 (+0.82) | 0.94 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 48.04, 45.96 (-2.08) | 49.05, 46.91 (-2.14) | 1.03 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 2588, 2467 (-4.7 %) | 2575, 2441 (-5.2 %) | 1.10 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 2.10, 2.21 (+5.1 %) | 2.11, 2.21 (+5.0 %) | 0.98 |
| common_wall_k_x2 | cooling demand [kWh] | 950, 1076 (+13.3 %) | 928, 1066 (+14.8 %) | 1.09 |
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 4.16, 2.89 (-1.27) | 4.20, 2.92 (-1.29) | 1.02 |
| sunspace_mass_x0.5 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 48.04, 49.39 (+1.36) | 49.05, 50.42 (+1.37) | 1.01 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 24.75, 24.19 (-0.57) | 24.97, 24.40 (-0.57) | 1.00 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 4.16, 2.82 (-1.34) | 4.20, 2.80 (-1.41) | 1.05 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 48.04, 46.58 (-1.45) | 49.05, 47.64 (-1.41) | 0.97 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 2588, 2708 (+4.6 %) | 2575, 2695 (+4.7 %) | 1.01 |
| sunspace_infiltration_x2 | cooling demand [kWh] | 950, 912 (-3.9 %) | 928, 891 (-4.0 %) | 1.00 |
residential_after¶
Six-zone semi-detached house after renovation: air-to-water heat pump with a buffer, radiators with thermostatic valves, balanced ventilation with heat recovery, PV, January, Uccle.
KPIs of both libraries (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Zone | Mean T [degC] | Lowest T [degC] | Highest T [degC] | Heating [kWh] | Peak heating [kW] | Cooling [kWh] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | bathroom_001 | 19.10 / 19.09 | 17.16 / 17.15 | 21.83 / 21.86 | 51 / 50 | 0.32 / 0.32 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_1_001 | 18.14 / 18.15 | 17.08 / 17.05 | 20.52 / 20.82 | 23 / 25 | 0.18 / 0.19 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_2_001 | 17.90 / 17.92 | 16.74 / 16.71 | 20.52 / 20.80 | 46 / 47 | 0.23 / 0.23 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_3_001 | 18.02 / 18.04 | 17.20 / 17.19 | 20.50 / 20.82 | 15 / 16 | 0.09 / 0.09 | 0 / 0 |
| base | kitchen_001 | 20.08 / 20.07 | 17.63 / 17.64 | 20.95 / 21.17 | 125 / 124 | 0.43 / 0.43 | 0 / 0 |
| base | living_001 | 20.16 / 20.14 | 17.84 / 17.81 | 21.26 / 21.16 | 201 / 206 | 0.86 / 0.86 | 0 / 0 |
| base | all zones | 18.90 / 18.90 | 16.74 / 16.71 | 21.83 / 21.86 | 461 / 468 | 2.02 / 2.05 | 0 / 0 |
| eps_x0.5 | all zones | 19.04 / 19.06 | 17.13 / 17.12 | 21.84 / 21.86 | 374 / 382 | 1.79 / 1.69 | 0 / 0 |
| eps_x1.5 | all zones | 18.79 / 18.77 | 16.41 / 16.38 | 21.83 / 21.86 | 534 / 539 | 2.16 / 2.18 | 0 / 0 |
| eps_x2 | all zones | 18.69 / 18.65 | 16.14 / 16.12 | 21.83 / 21.86 | 595 / 599 | 2.25 / 2.27 | 0 / 0 |
| n50_x2 | all zones | 18.66 / 18.62 | 16.10 / 16.06 | 21.81 / 21.85 | 601 / 604 | 2.29 / 2.31 | 0 / 0 |
| heat_pump_2kW | all zones | 18.90 / 18.90 | 16.73 / 16.71 | 21.84 / 21.86 | 461 / 468 | 1.81 / 1.79 | 0 / 0 |
| supply_+10K | all zones | 19.00 / 19.03 | 16.78 / 16.77 | 21.86 / 21.89 | 466 / 475 | 2.20 / 2.23 | 0 / 0 |
| radiators_x0.7 | all zones | 18.73 / 18.70 | 16.65 / 16.60 | 21.77 / 21.85 | 448 / 452 | 1.81 / 1.83 | 0 / 0 |
| tank_x3 | all zones | 18.90 / 18.90 | 16.74 / 16.71 | 21.85 / 21.88 | 461 / 468 | 2.00 / 1.94 | 0 / 0 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | all zones | 18.59 / 18.55 | 16.01 / 15.98 | 21.78 / 21.84 | 607 / 612 | 2.33 / 2.35 | 0 / 0 |
| setpoint_+1K | all zones | 19.24 / 19.20 | 16.95 / 16.91 | 21.98 / 21.96 | 492 / 495 | 1.96 / 1.98 | 0 / 0 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | all zones | 18.81 / 18.80 | 16.56 / 16.53 | 21.82 / 21.85 | 502 / 509 | 2.10 / 2.14 | 0 / 0 |
| radiator_n_1.33 | all zones | 18.87 / 18.86 | 16.74 / 16.71 | 21.83 / 21.85 | 459 / 465 | 1.94 / 1.97 | 0 / 0 |
Meters and speed (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings, deviation of FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Heating [kWh] | Heat pump electricity [kWh] | Boiler fuel [kWh] | Fans [kWh] | PV [kWh] | OpenModelica time [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | 461 / 468 (+1.5 %) | 131 / 131 (-0.2 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 759 / 155 |
| eps_x0.5 | 374 / 382 (+2.0 %) | 106 / 106 (+0.1 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 766 / 150 |
| eps_x1.5 | 534 / 539 (+1.1 %) | 152 / 151 (-0.7 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 708 / 150 |
| eps_x2 | 595 / 599 (+0.7 %) | 169 / 168 (-0.8 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 651 / 163 |
| n50_x2 | 601 / 604 (+0.6 %) | 171 / 169 (-0.9 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 676 / 170 |
| heat_pump_2kW | 461 / 468 (+1.6 %) | 131 / 132 (+0.6 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 521 / 146 |
| supply_+10K | 466 / 475 (+1.9 %) | 146 / 146 (+0.2 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 500 / 85 |
| radiators_x0.7 | 448 / 452 (+0.8 %) | 127 / 126 (-1.1 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 724 / 163 |
| tank_x3 | 461 / 468 (+1.6 %) | 133 / 135 (+1.0 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 456 / 120 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | 607 / 612 (+0.8 %) | 173 / 171 (-0.7 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 660 / 166 |
| setpoint_+1K | 492 / 495 (+0.6 %) | 140 / 138 (-1.2 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 713 / 166 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | 502 / 509 (+1.3 %) | 143 / 142 (-0.5 %) | / | 25.7 / 25.2 | 139 / 139 | 739 / 171 |
| radiator_n_1.33 | 459 / 465 (+1.3 %) | 131 / 130 (-0.6 %) | / | 17.2 / 16.8 | 139 / 139 | 715 / 164 |
Hour by hour, FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings:
| Variant | Zone | T RMSE [K] | T bias [K] | T max error [K] | Heating CV(RMSE) | Heating NMBE | Heating deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | bathroom_001 | 0.10 | -0.00 | 0.45 | 10.5 % | -1.7 % | -1.7 % |
| base | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 10.1 % | +6.2 % | +6.2 % |
| base | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.39 | 5.8 % | +3.5 % | +3.5 % |
| base | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.40 | 7.3 % | +3.9 % | +3.9 % |
| base | kitchen_001 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.36 | 4.2 % | -0.3 % | -0.3 % |
| base | living_001 | 0.06 | -0.02 | 0.37 | 7.5 % | +2.3 % | +2.3 % |
| eps_x0.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.10 | +0.04 | 0.45 | 10.8 % | +0.1 % | +0.1 % |
| eps_x0.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.40 | 17.0 % | +8.9 % | +8.9 % |
| eps_x0.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0.39 | 7.9 % | +4.0 % | +4.0 % |
| eps_x0.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.03 | 0.39 | 10.6 % | +3.3 % | +3.3 % |
| eps_x0.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 2.1 % | +0.0 % | +0.0 % |
| eps_x0.5 | living_001 | 0.03 | +0.00 | 0.22 | 6.5 % | +2.9 % | +2.9 % |
| eps_x1.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.14 | -0.05 | 0.53 | 12.8 % | -3.8 % | -3.8 % |
| eps_x1.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | -0.00 | 0.40 | 10.0 % | +6.7 % | +6.7 % |
| eps_x1.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 5.9 % | +4.0 % | +4.0 % |
| eps_x1.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 8.1 % | +5.3 % | +5.3 % |
| eps_x1.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.13 | -0.06 | 0.53 | 7.1 % | -1.4 % | -1.4 % |
| eps_x1.5 | living_001 | 0.11 | -0.05 | 0.53 | 9.9 % | +1.6 % | +1.6 % |
| eps_x2 | bathroom_001 | 0.15 | -0.08 | 0.49 | 12.9 % | -4.5 % | -4.5 % |
| eps_x2 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.41 | 9.7 % | +6.7 % | +6.7 % |
| eps_x2 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.00 | 0.40 | 5.9 % | +4.2 % | +4.2 % |
| eps_x2 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 8.0 % | +5.8 % | +5.8 % |
| eps_x2 | kitchen_001 | 0.18 | -0.11 | 0.59 | 8.0 % | -2.4 % | -2.4 % |
| eps_x2 | living_001 | 0.15 | -0.08 | 0.58 | 10.7 % | +1.0 % | +1.0 % |
| n50_x2 | bathroom_001 | 0.15 | -0.08 | 0.51 | 13.7 % | -4.7 % | -4.7 % |
| n50_x2 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.40 | 9.3 % | +6.1 % | +6.1 % |
| n50_x2 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.00 | 0.39 | 5.8 % | +4.0 % | +4.0 % |
| n50_x2 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.39 | 7.3 % | +5.0 % | +5.0 % |
| n50_x2 | kitchen_001 | 0.15 | -0.09 | 0.55 | 7.5 % | -1.9 % | -1.9 % |
| n50_x2 | living_001 | 0.14 | -0.07 | 0.57 | 9.7 % | +0.7 % | +0.7 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | bathroom_001 | 0.11 | -0.01 | 0.45 | 15.2 % | -2.0 % | -2.0 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.00 | 0.39 | 9.7 % | +6.1 % | +6.1 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 5.7 % | +3.6 % | +3.6 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.38 | 6.8 % | +3.9 % | +3.9 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | kitchen_001 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.32 | 4.0 % | -0.2 % | -0.2 % |
| heat_pump_2kW | living_001 | 0.05 | -0.02 | 0.27 | 7.2 % | +2.4 % | +2.4 % |
| supply_+10K | bathroom_001 | 0.11 | +0.05 | 0.45 | 9.6 % | +0.4 % | +0.4 % |
| supply_+10K | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.46 | 12.9 % | +5.2 % | +5.2 % |
| supply_+10K | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.03 | 0.46 | 6.4 % | +3.2 % | +3.2 % |
| supply_+10K | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.03 | 0.44 | 8.8 % | +2.3 % | +2.3 % |
| supply_+10K | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.32 | 1.6 % | +0.2 % | +0.2 % |
| supply_+10K | living_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.23 | 5.7 % | +2.8 % | +2.8 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bathroom_001 | 0.12 | -0.05 | 0.45 | 11.9 % | -3.7 % | -3.7 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.38 | 12.5 % | +8.0 % | +8.0 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.00 | 0.37 | 7.4 % | +5.1 % | +5.1 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 9.8 % | +6.4 % | +6.4 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | kitchen_001 | 0.13 | -0.08 | 0.51 | 6.5 % | -2.2 % | -2.2 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | living_001 | 0.13 | -0.08 | 0.48 | 9.2 % | +0.8 % | +0.8 % |
| tank_x3 | bathroom_001 | 0.13 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 18.2 % | -1.1 % | -1.1 % |
| tank_x3 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.42 | 10.0 % | +5.6 % | +5.6 % |
| tank_x3 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.02 | 0.41 | 6.0 % | +3.5 % | +3.5 % |
| tank_x3 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.41 | 6.9 % | +3.3 % | +3.3 % |
| tank_x3 | kitchen_001 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.46 | 6.6 % | -0.2 % | -0.2 % |
| tank_x3 | living_001 | 0.06 | -0.01 | 0.45 | 8.8 % | +2.4 % | +2.4 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.15 | -0.07 | 0.51 | 13.1 % | -4.4 % | -4.4 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | -0.01 | 0.40 | 8.3 % | +5.5 % | +5.5 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.00 | 0.39 | 5.5 % | +3.8 % | +3.8 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.40 | 6.1 % | +4.1 % | +4.1 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.16 | -0.10 | 0.56 | 7.5 % | -2.1 % | -2.1 % |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | living_001 | 0.13 | -0.07 | 0.54 | 10.0 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bathroom_001 | 0.14 | -0.06 | 0.49 | 13.4 % | -4.2 % | -4.2 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_1_001 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.39 | 23.7 % | +16.7 % | +16.7 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 11.5 % | +8.5 % | +8.5 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 20.2 % | +14.7 % | +14.7 % |
| setpoint_+1K | kitchen_001 | 0.16 | -0.10 | 0.54 | 7.1 % | -2.3 % | -2.3 % |
| setpoint_+1K | living_001 | 0.14 | -0.08 | 0.53 | 9.0 % | +0.7 % | +0.7 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.12 | -0.02 | 0.58 | 12.1 % | -3.0 % | -3.0 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.00 | 0.39 | 10.5 % | +6.8 % | +6.8 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.39 | 6.2 % | +4.1 % | +4.1 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.39 | 7.8 % | +4.7 % | +4.7 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.10 | -0.04 | 0.45 | 5.9 % | -0.9 % | -0.9 % |
| ventilation_x1.5 | living_001 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.46 | 8.6 % | +2.1 % | +2.1 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bathroom_001 | 0.11 | -0.02 | 0.46 | 11.7 % | -2.8 % | -2.8 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.07 | +0.00 | 0.39 | 11.0 % | +7.2 % | +7.2 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0.38 | 6.3 % | +4.2 % | +4.2 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.07 | +0.02 | 0.38 | 8.4 % | +5.2 % | +5.2 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | kitchen_001 | 0.09 | -0.04 | 0.42 | 5.8 % | -0.9 % | -0.9 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | living_001 | 0.08 | -0.04 | 0.43 | 8.8 % | +2.0 % | +2.0 % |
Response to the perturbations:
| Perturbation | KPI | Buildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings change / Buildings change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| eps_x0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 19.04 (+0.14) | 18.90, 19.06 (+0.16) | 1.14 |
| eps_x0.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 17.13 (+0.39) | 16.71, 17.12 (+0.40) | 1.02 |
| eps_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 374 (-18.8 %) | 468, 382 (-18.4 %) | 1.00 |
| eps_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 1.79 (-11.6 %) | 2.05, 1.69 (-17.3 %) | 1.51 |
| eps_x0.5 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 106 (-18.8 %) | 131, 106 (-18.5 %) | 0.98 |
| eps_x1.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 18.79 (-0.11) | 18.90, 18.77 (-0.13) | 1.24 |
| eps_x1.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.41 (-0.32) | 16.71, 16.38 (-0.33) | 1.03 |
| eps_x1.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 534 (+15.8 %) | 468, 539 (+15.2 %) | 0.98 |
| eps_x1.5 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.16 (+6.6 %) | 2.05, 2.18 (+6.6 %) | 1.01 |
| eps_x1.5 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 152 (+15.9 %) | 131, 151 (+15.4 %) | 0.97 |
| eps_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 18.69 (-0.21) | 18.90, 18.65 (-0.25) | 1.23 |
| eps_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.14 (-0.60) | 16.71, 16.12 (-0.60) | 1.00 |
| eps_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 595 (+29.0 %) | 468, 599 (+28.0 %) | 0.98 |
| eps_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.25 (+11.4 %) | 2.05, 2.27 (+11.1 %) | 0.98 |
| eps_x2 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 169 (+29.1 %) | 131, 168 (+28.4 %) | 0.97 |
| n50_x2 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 18.66 (-0.24) | 18.90, 18.62 (-0.28) | 1.17 |
| n50_x2 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.10 (-0.64) | 16.71, 16.06 (-0.65) | 1.02 |
| n50_x2 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 601 (+30.3 %) | 468, 604 (+29.1 %) | 0.97 |
| n50_x2 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.29 (+13.2 %) | 2.05, 2.31 (+13.0 %) | 1.00 |
| n50_x2 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 171 (+30.6 %) | 131, 169 (+29.7 %) | 0.97 |
| heat_pump_2kW | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 1.81 (-10.4 %) | 2.05, 1.79 (-12.4 %) | 1.21 |
| supply_+10K | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 19.00 (+0.10) | 18.90, 19.03 (+0.12) | 1.23 |
| supply_+10K | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.20 (+8.8 %) | 2.05, 2.23 (+8.8 %) | 1.01 |
| supply_+10K | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 146 (+11.7 %) | 131, 146 (+12.1 %) | 1.04 |
| radiators_x0.7 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 18.73 (-0.16) | 18.90, 18.70 (-0.20) | 1.21 |
| radiators_x0.7 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.65 (-0.09) | 16.71, 16.60 (-0.12) | |
| radiators_x0.7 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 448 (-2.8 %) | 468, 452 (-3.5 %) | 1.28 |
| radiators_x0.7 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 1.81 (-10.7 %) | 2.05, 1.83 (-10.7 %) | 1.01 |
| radiators_x0.7 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 127 (-2.6 %) | 131, 126 (-3.4 %) | 1.30 |
| tank_x3 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.00 (-1.0 %) | 2.05, 1.94 (-5.1 %) | |
| tank_x3 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 133 (+2.0 %) | 131, 135 (+3.2 %) | |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 18.59 (-0.31) | 18.90, 18.55 (-0.35) | 1.13 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.01 (-0.73) | 16.71, 15.98 (-0.73) | 1.01 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 607 (+31.6 %) | 468, 612 (+30.7 %) | 0.98 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.33 (+15.0 %) | 2.05, 2.35 (+14.9 %) | 1.01 |
| heat_recovery_0.5 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 173 (+31.9 %) | 131, 171 (+31.3 %) | 0.98 |
| setpoint_+1K | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.90, 19.24 (+0.34) | 18.90, 19.20 (+0.29) | 0.87 |
| setpoint_+1K | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.95 (+0.22) | 16.71, 16.91 (+0.19) | 0.89 |
| setpoint_+1K | highest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 21.83, 21.98 (+0.14) | 21.86, 21.96 (+0.09) | 0.65 |
| setpoint_+1K | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 492 (+6.8 %) | 468, 495 (+5.8 %) | 0.87 |
| setpoint_+1K | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 1.96 (-3.0 %) | 2.05, 1.98 (-3.1 %) | 1.04 |
| setpoint_+1K | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 140 (+6.6 %) | 131, 138 (+5.7 %) | 0.85 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | lowest hourly zone temperature [degC] | 16.74, 16.56 (-0.18) | 16.71, 16.53 (-0.18) | 1.02 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 461, 502 (+9.0 %) | 468, 509 (+8.8 %) | 0.99 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 2.10 (+3.9 %) | 2.05, 2.14 (+4.4 %) | 1.14 |
| ventilation_x1.5 | heat pump electricity [kWh] | 131, 143 (+9.2 %) | 131, 142 (+9.0 %) | 0.97 |
| radiator_n_1.33 | peak heating [kW] | 2.02, 1.94 (-3.9 %) | 2.05, 1.97 (-3.6 %) | 0.93 |
Sweeps: one parameter scaled by several factors (1 is the base case), the KPIs of both libraries and the ratio of their changes from the base case:
| Parameter | Factor | mean zone temperature [degC], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio | heating demand [kWh], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| eps | 0.5 | 19.04 / 19.06 | 1.14 | 374 / 382 | 1.00 |
| eps | 1 | 18.90 / 18.90 | 461 / 468 | ||
| eps | 1.5 | 18.79 / 18.77 | 1.24 | 534 / 539 | 0.98 |
| eps | 2 | 18.69 / 18.65 | 1.23 | 595 / 599 | 0.98 |
residential_before¶
The same house before renovation: non-condensing gas boiler at 75 degC, radiators with thermostatic valves, uninsulated cavity walls and attic, old double glazing, natural ventilation by infiltration (n50 = 12 1/h), January, Uccle.
KPIs of both libraries (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Zone | Mean T [degC] | Lowest T [degC] | Highest T [degC] | Heating [kWh] | Peak heating [kW] | Cooling [kWh] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | bathroom_001 | 17.59 / 17.60 | 15.86 / 15.86 | 21.85 / 21.87 | 239 / 242 | 1.05 / 1.05 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_1_001 | 17.32 / 17.33 | 15.86 / 15.87 | 19.58 / 19.97 | 482 / 490 | 1.48 / 1.50 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_2_001 | 17.31 / 17.33 | 15.85 / 15.87 | 19.52 / 19.90 | 544 / 552 | 1.57 / 1.59 | 0 / 0 |
| base | bedroom_3_001 | 17.32 / 17.34 | 15.86 / 15.87 | 19.67 / 20.07 | 250 / 253 | 0.76 / 0.77 | 0 / 0 |
| base | kitchen_001 | 19.35 / 19.37 | 15.87 / 15.87 | 20.87 / 20.89 | 414 / 418 | 1.30 / 1.31 | 0 / 0 |
| base | living_001 | 19.35 / 19.36 | 15.87 / 15.87 | 20.87 / 20.89 | 827 / 846 | 2.79 / 2.82 | 0 / 0 |
| base | all zones | 18.04 / 18.05 | 15.85 / 15.86 | 21.85 / 21.87 | 2755 / 2802 | 8.70 / 8.78 | 0 / 0 |
| cavity_insulated | all zones | 18.13 / 18.14 | 15.87 / 15.88 | 21.86 / 21.88 | 2115 / 2154 | 7.23 / 7.29 | 0 / 0 |
| n50_x0.5 | all zones | 18.09 / 18.10 | 15.86 / 15.87 | 21.86 / 21.88 | 2448 / 2494 | 8.00 / 8.09 | 0 / 0 |
| n50_x1.5 | all zones | 18.00 / 18.01 | 15.85 / 15.86 | 21.85 / 21.86 | 3063 / 3111 | 9.06 / 9.10 | 0 / 0 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | all zones | 18.04 / 18.06 | 15.85 / 15.87 | 21.85 / 21.87 | 2728 / 2771 | 8.63 / 8.71 | 0 / 0 |
| boiler_10kW | all zones | 18.03 / 18.04 | 15.85 / 15.86 | 21.85 / 21.87 | 2752 / 2799 | 8.61 / 8.66 | 0 / 0 |
| supply_-10K | all zones | 17.96 / 17.97 | 15.84 / 15.85 | 21.84 / 21.86 | 2735 / 2778 | 7.67 / 7.69 | 0 / 0 |
| radiators_x0.7 | all zones | 17.96 / 17.97 | 15.85 / 15.85 | 21.84 / 21.86 | 2727 / 2771 | 7.65 / 7.67 | 0 / 0 |
| setpoint_+1K | all zones | 18.28 / 18.29 | 15.85 / 15.86 | 21.86 / 21.88 | 2888 / 2933 | 8.77 / 8.80 | 0 / 0 |
| radiator_n_1.33 | all zones | 18.04 / 18.05 | 15.85 / 15.86 | 21.85 / 21.87 | 2756 / 2802 | 8.68 / 8.74 | 0 / 0 |
Meters and speed (Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings, deviation of FastSmoothBuildings):
| Variant | Heating [kWh] | Heat pump electricity [kWh] | Boiler fuel [kWh] | Fans [kWh] | PV [kWh] | OpenModelica time [s] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | 2755 / 2802 (+1.7 %) | / | 3391 / 3454 (+1.9 %) | / | / | 268 / 112 |
| cavity_insulated | 2115 / 2154 (+1.8 %) | / | 2637 / 2690 (+2.0 %) | / | / | 212 / 78 |
| n50_x0.5 | 2448 / 2494 (+1.8 %) | / | 3029 / 3091 (+2.0 %) | / | / | 257 / 98 |
| n50_x1.5 | 3063 / 3111 (+1.5 %) | / | 3753 / 3818 (+1.7 %) | / | / | 266 / 108 |
| gap_k_x0.5 | 2728 / 2771 (+1.6 %) | / | 3358 / 3417 (+1.8 %) | / | / | 266 / 99 |
| boiler_10kW | 2752 / 2799 (+1.7 %) | / | 3329 / 3394 (+1.9 %) | / | / | 276 / 111 |
| supply_-10K | 2735 / 2778 (+1.6 %) | / | 3340 / 3400 (+1.8 %) | / | / | 256 / 104 |
| radiators_x0.7 | 2727 / 2771 (+1.6 %) | / | 3357 / 3419 (+1.8 %) | / | / | 160 / 55 |
| setpoint_+1K | 2888 / 2933 (+1.6 %) | / | 3547 / 3608 (+1.7 %) | / | / | 258 / 104 |
| radiator_n_1.33 | 2756 / 2802 (+1.7 %) | / | 3391 / 3454 (+1.9 %) | / | / | 266 / 98 |
Hour by hour, FastSmoothBuildings against Buildings:
| Variant | Zone | T RMSE [K] | T bias [K] | T max error [K] | Heating CV(RMSE) | Heating NMBE | Heating deviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| base | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | +0.01 | 0.51 | 3.1 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| base | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| base | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| base | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| base | kitchen_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.4 % | +1.0 % | +1.0 % |
| base | living_001 | 0.02 | +0.01 | 0.22 | 2.8 % | +2.3 % | +2.3 % |
| cavity_insulated | bathroom_001 | 0.09 | +0.02 | 0.51 | 3.7 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| cavity_insulated | bedroom_1_001 | 0.05 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 2.6 % | +1.9 % | +1.9 % |
| cavity_insulated | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.44 | 2.2 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| cavity_insulated | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.46 | 2.1 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| cavity_insulated | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.32 | 1.5 % | +1.1 % | +1.1 % |
| cavity_insulated | living_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.22 | 3.1 % | +2.5 % | +2.5 % |
| n50_x0.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.09 | +0.01 | 0.52 | 3.6 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| n50_x0.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.9 % | +1.9 % | +1.9 % |
| n50_x0.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.45 | 2.0 % | +1.6 % | +1.6 % |
| n50_x0.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.47 | 2.0 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| n50_x0.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.02 | 0.32 | 1.6 % | +1.2 % | +1.2 % |
| n50_x0.5 | living_001 | 0.02 | +0.01 | 0.22 | 3.3 % | +2.6 % | +2.6 % |
| n50_x1.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.07 | +0.01 | 0.50 | 2.9 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| n50_x1.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 2.4 % | +1.7 % | +1.7 % |
| n50_x1.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.44 | 1.8 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| n50_x1.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.7 % | +1.2 % | +1.2 % |
| n50_x1.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.2 % | +0.9 % | +0.9 % |
| n50_x1.5 | living_001 | 0.02 | +0.00 | 0.22 | 2.4 % | +2.0 % | +2.0 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | +0.01 | 0.51 | 3.1 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.7 % | +1.7 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.8 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 1.7 % | +1.2 % | +1.2 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | kitchen_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.3 % | +0.9 % | +0.9 % |
| gap_k_x0.5 | living_001 | 0.02 | +0.01 | 0.21 | 2.7 % | +2.1 % | +2.1 % |
| boiler_10kW | bathroom_001 | 0.09 | +0.02 | 0.51 | 3.5 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| boiler_10kW | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| boiler_10kW | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| boiler_10kW | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| boiler_10kW | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.4 % | +1.0 % | +1.0 % |
| boiler_10kW | living_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.22 | 2.8 % | +2.3 % | +2.3 % |
| supply_-10K | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | -0.01 | 0.51 | 2.5 % | +1.2 % | +1.2 % |
| supply_-10K | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| supply_-10K | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| supply_-10K | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| supply_-10K | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.3 % | +0.9 % | +0.9 % |
| supply_-10K | living_001 | 0.03 | -0.00 | 0.22 | 2.7 % | +2.1 % | +2.1 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | -0.00 | 0.52 | 2.5 % | +1.2 % | +1.2 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.33 | 1.3 % | +0.9 % | +0.9 % |
| radiators_x0.7 | living_001 | 0.03 | -0.00 | 0.22 | 2.8 % | +2.2 % | +2.2 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | +0.01 | 0.51 | 3.1 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| setpoint_+1K | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| setpoint_+1K | kitchen_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 1.2 % | +0.9 % | +0.9 % |
| setpoint_+1K | living_001 | 0.03 | +0.00 | 0.22 | 2.4 % | +1.9 % | +1.9 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bathroom_001 | 0.08 | +0.01 | 0.51 | 3.1 % | +1.4 % | +1.4 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_1_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.47 | 2.6 % | +1.8 % | +1.8 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_2_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.45 | 1.9 % | +1.5 % | +1.5 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | bedroom_3_001 | 0.04 | +0.01 | 0.46 | 1.8 % | +1.3 % | +1.3 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | kitchen_001 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0.33 | 1.3 % | +1.0 % | +1.0 % |
| radiator_n_1.33 | living_001 | 0.02 | +0.01 | 0.22 | 2.8 % | +2.3 % | +2.3 % |
Response to the perturbations:
| Perturbation | KPI | Buildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings: base, perturbed (change) | FastSmoothBuildings change / Buildings change |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cavity_insulated | heating demand [kWh] | 2755, 2115 (-23.3 %) | 2802, 2154 (-23.1 %) | 1.01 |
| cavity_insulated | peak heating [kW] | 8.70, 7.23 (-16.9 %) | 8.78, 7.29 (-16.9 %) | 1.01 |
| cavity_insulated | boiler fuel [kWh] | 3391, 2637 (-22.2 %) | 3454, 2690 (-22.1 %) | 1.01 |
| n50_x0.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 2755, 2448 (-11.1 %) | 2802, 2494 (-11.0 %) | 1.00 |
| n50_x0.5 | peak heating [kW] | 8.70, 8.00 (-8.0 %) | 8.78, 8.09 (-7.8 %) | 0.98 |
| n50_x0.5 | boiler fuel [kWh] | 3391, 3029 (-10.7 %) | 3454, 3091 (-10.5 %) | 1.01 |
| n50_x1.5 | heating demand [kWh] | 2755, 3063 (+11.2 %) | 2802, 3111 (+11.0 %) | 1.00 |
| n50_x1.5 | peak heating [kW] | 8.70, 9.06 (+4.2 %) | 8.78, 9.10 (+3.7 %) | 0.88 |
| n50_x1.5 | boiler fuel [kWh] | 3391, 3753 (+10.7 %) | 3454, 3818 (+10.5 %) | 1.00 |
| supply_-10K | peak heating [kW] | 8.70, 7.67 (-11.8 %) | 8.78, 7.69 (-12.4 %) | 1.06 |
| radiators_x0.7 | peak heating [kW] | 8.70, 7.65 (-12.0 %) | 8.78, 7.67 (-12.6 %) | 1.06 |
| setpoint_+1K | mean zone temperature [degC] | 18.04, 18.28 (+0.24) | 18.05, 18.29 (+0.23) | 0.99 |
| setpoint_+1K | heating demand [kWh] | 2755, 2888 (+4.8 %) | 2802, 2933 (+4.7 %) | 0.99 |
| setpoint_+1K | boiler fuel [kWh] | 3391, 3547 (+4.6 %) | 3454, 3608 (+4.5 %) | 0.99 |
Sweeps: one parameter scaled by several factors (1 is the base case), the KPIs of both libraries and the ratio of their changes from the base case:
| Parameter | Factor | mean zone temperature [degC], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio | heating demand [kWh], Buildings / FastSmoothBuildings | ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n50 | 0.5 | 18.09 / 18.10 | 2448 / 2494 | 1.00 | |
| n50 | 1 | 18.04 / 18.05 | 2755 / 2802 | ||
| n50 | 1.5 | 18.00 / 18.01 | 3063 / 3111 | 1.00 |
Reading the results¶
Free-floating zone (950FF). With its night fan, the heavy zone follows Buildings within 0.08 K hour by hour over a year from −12 to 37 degC (0.29 K in the first run); the mean, lowest and highest temperatures agree within 0.15 K. It responds to the insulation, the infiltration, the mass, the glazing and the gains as Buildings does (ratios 0.90 to 1.15 on temperature changes of a few tenths of a kelvin), and 9 % less to the solar absorptance of its walls. In the first run, doubling the infiltration cooled FastSmoothBuildings 12 % more than Buildings (the air density) and halving the mass raised its peak 13 % more (the lumped walls).
Set-back heating (940). The temperature follows within 0.05 K, the heating demand within 0.4 %, the morning peak within 1 %, the hourly heat within 4.6 % CV(RMSE). In the first run, FastSmoothBuildings heated 11 % more, its peak was 8 % higher and its hourly heat scattered by 58 % CV(RMSE), for two reasons the study separated:
| Heating over the year, by period, first run | Buildings | FastSmoothBuildings |
|---|---|---|
| Night set-back, 23:00 to 07:00 | 3 kWh | 53 kWh |
| Reheat, 07:00 to 09:00 | 376 kWh | 433 kWh |
| Day, 09:00 to 23:00 | 819 kWh | 899 kWh |
the lumped heavy walls cooled the room faster at night and warmed it slower on sunny mornings, and the infiltration carried a fifth too much heat: FastSmoothBuildings took 1.2 kg/m3 where the air of Denver, at 83 kPa, weighs 0.99 kg/m3 (doubling the infiltration then added 30 % more heating in FastSmoothBuildings than in Buildings; now 0 %). The sweeps show that the agreement is not a coincidence of one step: from half to twice the insulation and from half to three times the infiltration, the heating of FastSmoothBuildings moves by the change of Buildings within 1 %.
Sun-space (960). The heated zone follows within 0.07 K, its heating within 0.5 % and its cooling within 2.3 %. The unheated heavy sun-space is the weakest temperature: 0.46 K RMSE (0.68 K in the second run, 0.87 K in the first), 0.42 K too warm on average, its highest temperature 49.1 against 48.0 degC. The gas gaps of its glazing, held at their conductance at 10 degC until the third run, kept the sun in: a sun-lit glazing at 40 degC conducts a fifth more. The free-floating BESTEST cases show the same trend, smaller now (the largest gap of their temperatures went from 3.5 to 1.7 K, see the BESTEST page).
Renovated house. Every room follows within 0.06 to 0.10 K hour by hour, the heat of the radiators within 4 to 11 % CV(RMSE), and the meters within 0.2 % (heat pump), 2.0 % (fans) and 0 % (PV). The responses to the envelope (EPS conductivity from x0.5 to x2, airtightness, heat recovery, ventilation flow) agree within 3 % on the heating. The second run had attributed the gap of the set point response (0.79) to the flow laws of the radiator branches; the branch flows of both libraries, measured hour by hour, showed otherwise: the flow laws are the same (trano's Buildings valves and radiators are linearised too), but with the living room valve fully open FastSmoothBuildings passed 36.6 g/s against 43.9 g/s in Buildings, because the sensor feeding the six radiators had a resistance (1000 Pa at its nominal flow) that Buildings does not have, a fifth of the head of a branch. With 100 Pa the set point response rose to 0.87. What is left is the heat pump: while the living room valve is open, its supply water is 0.4 K cooler than in Buildings, and its electricity responds less (0.85) to the set point. FastSmoothBuildings simulates the 28 days three times faster in OpenModelica.
House before renovation. The same house with its gas boiler at 75 degC: every room follows within 0.02 to 0.09 K
hour by hour (largest error 0.5 K in the first hours, as both models settle from their initial temperatures; 0.32 K
at most after the first day), the heat of the radiators within 1.4 to 3.1 % CV(RMSE), and the heating demand is
1.7 % above Buildings in every variant (1.5 to 1.8 %), the gas 1.9 %, the same gas per unit of heat within 0.2 %.
Every change that moves the results moves both libraries alike: the cavity insulation (−22 to −23 % of heating and of
gas), the airtightness from x0.5 to x1.5 (heating ratios 1.00, the peak 0.88 to 0.98), the supply temperature and the
radiator size (peak 1.06), the set point (0.99). The boiler of FastSmoothBuildings is that of Buildings (BoilerPolynomial, its
heat loss counted twice as Buildings 13 does), driven by the same P controller on its water temperature; when the
radiator valves open in the morning both fire at full power for a few minutes. FastSmoothBuildings simulates the 28 days 2.4
times faster.
What FastSmoothBuildings still lacks¶
Ranked by what they change in the results above; the improvement plan gives the change, its cost and the check that closes it, with a formulation that keeps the model explicit and smooth for rumoca and CasADi.
- The heat pump at full load and its safety times. The supply water 0.4 K cool at full load, the electricity response to the set point (0.85), the peaks of the buffer and of the EPS x0.5: the condenser from the EN 14511 table instead of the buffer temperature, and a smooth surrogate of the minimum run time.
- The sun on the opaque surfaces. 8 % less response to the solar absorptance; the outside exchanges and the discretisation are ruled out.
- The sun kept in the zones that nothing cools, smaller now: the sun-space 0.42 K warm, the free-floating peaks of the light BESTEST zones 1 to 1.7 K high.
- Missing features. Unbalanced ventilation, wind- and stack-driven infiltration, ISO 13370 ground, moisture.